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Jumat, 28 Maret 2025

Jonathan Culpeper (2011) in Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence

Jonathan Culpeper adalah seorang ahli pragmatik dan linguistik yang dikenal atas kontribusinya dalam studi tentang impoliteness atau ketidaksopanan dalam bahasa. Melalui berbagai karyanya, terutama buku "Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence" (2011), Culpeper mengeksplorasi bagaimana ketidaksopanan digunakan sebagai alat komunikasi yang efektif untuk menyampaikan pesan tertentu.

Definisi dan Konsep Dasar

Ketidaksopanan, menurut Culpeper, merujuk pada perilaku komunikatif yang menarik evaluasi negatif dalam konteks tertentu dan menyebabkan pelanggaran atau ketidaknyamanan. Ini berbeda dari ketidaksopanan yang tidak disengaja atau ketidaktahuan terhadap norma sosial; ketidaksopanan sering kali bersifat disengaja dan strategis. Culpeper menekankan bahwa ketidaksopanan bukan hanya kebalikan dari kesopanan, tetapi memiliki dinamika dan fungsi tersendiri dalam interaksi sosial.

Strategi Ketidaksopanan

Dalam upayanya untuk menguraikan anatomi ketidaksopanan, Culpeper mengidentifikasi beberapa strategi utama yang digunakan individu untuk mengekspresikan ketidaksopanan:

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Rabu, 26 Maret 2025

Blog Dr. Faizal Risdianto: Best AI Research & Writing Assistants & mencari re...

Blog Dr. Faizal Risdianto: Best AI Research & Writing Assistants & mencari re...: link AI Research Assistants & mencari research gap and novelty link AI Research Assistants Perplexity Gemini (google.com) Cognosys Cha...

20 Most Cited papers in Journal of Pragmatics Research

On speech acts IDP Wijana, Journal of Pragmatics Research 3 (1), 14-27 48 2021

Senin, 17 Maret 2025

Keluguan dan Kejujuran Orang Samin

Berikut adalah contoh percakapan lucu yang melibatkan orang Samin, lengkap dengan terjemahan dari bahasa Jawa ke bahasa Indonesia.

*Percakapan 1: Naik Bus*

*Orang Samin:* Pak…Rembang nggih? (Pak, ke Rembang ya?)

*Kondektur:* Nggih, monggo nitih bis. (Iya, silakan naik bus.)

*Orang Samin:* Ongkos menapa? (Ongkosnya berapa?)

*Kondektur:* Ya ongkos nitih bis, Pak. (Ya bayar untuk naik bus, Pak.)

*Orang Samin:* Njenengan ingkang nawani kulo nitih bis. (Kan Anda yang menawari saya naik bus.)

*Kondektur:* Tapi nggih tetep mbayar, Pak. (Tapi ya tetap harus bayar, Pak.)

*Orang Samin:* Kulo mboten gadah arto. (Saya tidak punya uang.)

*Kondektur:* Lek ngoten mandap mriki mawon. (Kalau begitu, turun sini saja.)

*Orang Samin:* Nggih mboten nopo-nopo. (Ya tidak apa-apa.)

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*Percakapan 2: Gigi Palsu*

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Rabu, 26 Februari 2025

Summary of Culpeper’s Impoliteness Principles

Jonathan Culpeper (2011) in Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence explores how language can be used to harm, offend, and assert power, challenging traditional politeness theories.

Key Points on Politeness and Impoliteness:

Definition of Impoliteness:
- Impoliteness is a negative attitude toward specific behaviors occurring in specific contexts.
- It arises from a conflict between expectations and how those expectations are met.
- Impolite behavior can damage social identity and cause emotional harm.
Challenging Traditional Politeness Theories:
- Classic politeness theories (Brown & Levinson, Leech) focus on harmony and cooperation.
- Culpeper argues that these theories marginalize conflict and offensive interactions.
- He emphasizes that impoliteness is not just a failure of politeness but an intentional, structured phenomenon.

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Kamis, 13 Februari 2025

SEARLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH ACTS

SEARLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH ACTS

NO	TYPE	DESCRIPTION
1	Assertive/ Representative	Assertives involve the speaker expressing their beliefs about what is true or false. They can take the form of stating facts, making assertions, drawing conclusions, and describing things. Essentially, the speaker makes statements that they feel are true or want others to believe them (Yule, 1996). EXAMPLE: I believe that social media contributes to body image issues - expresses a personal opinion through the use of the word ‘*believe’*
2	Declarative/ Verdictive	According to Searle (1969), declaratives are a type of speech act that can alter the state of the world through uttering them. To make a declaration correctly, the speaker must have a particular institutional position and be in a specific context. EXAMPLE: In a wedding ceremony, an officiant might say, *I now pronounce you husband and wife* would formally declare the couple as married.
3	Expressive	Expressives refer to speech acts in which the speaker expresses their emotional state or psychological experience. Expressives emphasize the speaker's feelings, attitudes, and per- perspectives in a particular situation (Yule, 1996). EXAMPLE These speech acts can involve statements of pleasure (e.g., *This is great!),* pain (e.g., *That hurts, ouch!),* likes (e.g., *This tastes so good), dislikes (e.g., I don’t like this), joy (e.g., This is the best day ever!), or sorrow (e.g., I am sorry to hear that).*
4	Directive/ Command	Directives refer to speech acts speakers use to instruct the hearer to perform a particular action (Searle, 1969). EXAMPLE *Please stop talking!* - a request to have someone be quiet about the speaker's desires and can take the form of commands, orders, requests, and suggestions. Directives can be either positive or negative
5	Commisive	Searle (1969) explains that commissives refer to speech acts in which the speaker commits to a future action. These speech acts reveal the speaker's intentions and can be promises, threats, refusals, and pledges. Commissives can be made by an individual or by a group of speakers. EXAMPLE I promise I will be there by 9 a.m. - expresses a commitment to be punctual.